" There is " & " There are "

There is = There are = است /ast/

a book = كتابي /keta:bi/ (We could say يك كتاب /yek keta:b/ for 'a book', but here use NOUN+/i/sound is better. Examples:a tree درختي /kerakhti/; a table ميزي /mi:zi/.
on = روي /ru:ye/
the table = ميز /mi:z/

There is a book on the table = كتابي روي ميز است
There are two books on the table = دو متاب روي ميز است
There are ten books on the table = ده كتاب روي ميز است
There are 25 books on the table = تيست و پنخ كتاب روي ميز است

Notes: If the subject is human in this structure, it has two way for "there are".
There are = است /ast/ or هستند /hastand/
Examples:
There is one boy in the class = پسري در كلاس است /pesari dar kela:s ast/
There are two boys in the class = دو پسر در كلاس است/do pesar dar kela:s ast/
Or دو پسر در كلاس هستند /do pesar dar kela:s hastand/

see 92-93

'when' & 'while' in Past Continuous Tense

1. Translate the Past Continouns Tense first
2. Use /keh/ for ' WHEN'
3. Translate the Simple Past Tense

Example 1:
I was eating lunch when he called.

To call = /telefon kardan/ or /zang zadan/

/da:shtam na:ha:r mi khordam keh u: telefon kard/

Example 2:

I was watching TV when the electricity went.

/da:shtam televiziyu:n/ nega:h mi kardam keh bargh raft/

Example 3:

She was going when I saw her.

/da:sht mi raft keh u: ra: didam/

Notes: The same rule is applicable for ' while'

Past Continouns Tense

Remember in this Tense, I was (in English) = I had (in Persian)

Let's translate " I was writing"
1. First, change verb "have"
to have = داشتن /da:shtan/
Delete ن /nu:n/, = داشت /da:sht/

Now, try to use داشت with all subjective pronouns in Simple Past Tense:
I had = من داشتم /man da:shtam/
You had = تو داشتي /to da:shti/
He had = او داست /u: da:sht/
We had = ما داستيم /ma:da:shtim/
You had = شما داشتيد /shoma: da:shtid/
They had = انها داشتند /a:nha: da:shtand/


2. then, change the main verb " write"
to write = نوشتن /neveshtan/
Delete ن /nu:n/, = نوشت /nevesht/

I wrote = من نوشتم /man neveshtam/
You wrote = تو نوشتي /to neveshti/
He wrote = او نوشت /u: nevesht/
We wrote = ما نوشتيم /ma: neveshtim/
You wrote = شما نوشتيد /shoma: neveshtid/
They wrote = انها نوشتند /a:nha: neveshtand/

put مي /mi/ before the main verb, so,
I was writing = من داشتم مي نوشتم
You were writing = تو داشتي مي نوشتي
He was writing = او داشت مي نوشت
We were writing = ما داشتيم مي نوشتيم
You were writing = شما داشتيد مي نوشتيد
They were writing =انها داشتند مي نوشتند

Relative Pronouns

Replace "who", "whom", and "that" with كه /keh/

1. The man who is walking is my friend.
man = مرد /mard/
who = كه /keh/
to walk = قدم زدن /ghadam zadan/
is walking = دارد قدم مي زند /da:rad ghadam mi zanad/
my friend = دوست من /dust e man/

The only change we need is that we should put /i:/ sound or simply the letter ي at the end of the 'noun' (/mard/). So, instead of saying /mard keh/, we should say مردي كه /mardi keh/. This rule is applicable to all kind of relative pronouns.

Now, the translation:
مردي كه دارد قدم مي زند دوست من است

2. The man who is sitting in the chair is my father.
is sitting = نشسته است /neshasteh ast/(note: here we use 'Present Perfect Tense')
in = on = روي /ru:ye/
chair = صندلي /sandali/
my father = پدرم /padaram/ = پدرمن
مردي كه روي صندلي نشسته است دوست من است /mardi keh ru:ye sandali neshasteh ast pedar e man ast/

3. The man whom you saw is my friend.
saw = ديدي /didi/ (simple past tense)
مردي را كه تو ديدي دوست من است
Note: we'd better put را /ra:/before كه/keh/ whenever we are to use 'whom'.

see84

Superlative Adjective

ترين /tarin/

most beautiful = خوشگل ترين /khosh gel tarin/
most difficult = مشكل ترين /mosh kel tarin/
most comprehensive = كامل ترين /ka:mel tarin/
easiest = اسان ترين /a:sa:n tarin/
best = بهترين /beh tarin/(this one is irregular)
cleanest = تميز ترين /tamiz tarin/

see 82

Comparative Adjective

Put تر /tar/ after adjective, and we will have "more + adjective"

Paraston is more beautiful = پرستو خوشگل تراست

Paraston is more beautiful than Parisa (is)
1.put "Paraston" in the beginning;
2.put از /az/ after;
3.then, put the 2nd name " Parisa" after از .

Now we have پرستو از پريسا /parastu: az parisa:/
Then, add the rest after the above sentence:
پرستو از پريسا خوشگل تر است

see 77

Adjective

good = خوب /khu:b/
beautiful = خوشگل /khosh gel/ Or زيبا /ziba:/ Or قشنگ /ghashang/
Small = كوچك /ku:chak/
Big = بزرگ /bozorg/
Young = حوان /jzva:n/
old = پير /pi:r/
ugly = زشت /zesht/
lovely = دوست داشتني /du:st da:shtani/
strong = قوي /ghavi/
weak = ضعيف /zaif/
easy = اسان /a:sa:n/
difficult = سخت /sakht/ Or مشكل /mosh kel/
expensive = گران /gera:n/
cheap = ارزان /arza:n/
clean = تميز /tamiz/
dirty = كثيف /kasif/
cold = سرد /sard/
warm = گرم /garm/
fat = چاق /cha:gh/
happy = خوشحال /khosh ha:l/
sad =غمگين /gham gin/
near = نزديك /nazdik/
far = distant =دور /du:r/
lonely = alone = تنها /tan ha:/
lazy =

see 76-83

Farsi words D(part 2)

Happy New Year!